Slavery As A Reason Of American Civil War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 854 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? After the Revolutionary War, the young United States of America was looking to change its ways. As a now independent Nation, they looked to set their own identity. One of the things they did was end what was known as the African Slave Trade in 1807. The end of the African Slave Trade was unknowingly the first step towards the American Civil War. With the discovery of the new world, all kinds of people traveled to the new Colonies in hopes of becoming wealthy. One of the ways they found they were able to do this was by setting up farms and growing exportable produce. Tobacco was the number one product coming out of the southern states to England and other parts of the world. Initially, large planters used indentured servants from England to tend to the fields. Between the 1650s and 1680s, indentured servants continued to be imported at the rate of some 1,000 per year (Mitchell, 1983). As the servants worked to pay off their debt to the large planters, they would earn their freedom and then find that jobs were tough to come by in America. There were few opportunities after their freedom was earned and they soon found themselves serving as domestic servants and tradesman sometimes for the same people they had just earned their freedom from. Others were able to become farmhands and laborers working mostly for the large planters, using their acquired skill set from their time as an indentured servant. As Englands employment opportunities increased overseas, English indentured servants became less available in America. As tobacco continued to be the main source of trade for the large planters, and with a rapid reduction of indentured servants, the Chesapeake Colonies (Dominion of Virginia and Province of Maryland) began to shift their workforce from servants to slavery and began using the well-established African Slave Trade. Prior to the Revolutionary War, Great Britain imported African Slaves primarily through the Royal Africa Company. Th is was an enormous revenue generator for Great Britain as they taxed all imported slaves to the new Colonies. This arrangement worked well mostly for Great Britain for many years until the Revolutionary War began. During the Revolutionary War, the Colonies banned and/or suspended slave trade with Great Britain as one of their first steps to freedom from the Crown. The non-important movement was an attempt to cut all economic ties with Britain. After the War, America passed legislation for the government to tax and control the import of slaves to America. In 1807, they passed more legislation and terminated the use of the African Slave Trade. The American people saw the closing of the African Slave Trade as a huge humanitarian accomplishment even though it brought much wealth to the Virginia slave owners, and economical and political power to the southwestern states. Unfortunately, it was only the beginning of a new problem. The closing of the African Slave Trade gave way to the American slave trade. Now that no more slaves were being imported, the slaves that were on hand would become a much more valuable asset. After cutting ties from Great Britain, Virginians found themselves with a surplus of slaves after the demand for tobacco had fallen (no more exporting to Britain). As a new means of revenue, they promoted the expansion west to new settlers. Virginians sold the idea that settlers would need American slaves to help cultivate the land to bring profits to the new land owners. One of the largest purchasers of slaves was the southwest. These cotton farmers depended on the slaves to tend to their lands. This expansion increased the price of a slave to an all-time high bringing wealth to the slave owners in Virginia. As the southwestern states became wealthier and more populated, they became the more powerful states in the south. With the election of President Abraham Lincoln, the threat of abolishing slavery was eminent. The southern state s felt that if slavery was abolished it would ruin the economy in the south. Not only would the planters lose the labor on their lands but that their lands would become useless with no one to work them. They believed this would not only affect the southern states but the entire countrys banks, stocks, and bonds. The southern states threatened that if any of the upper-southern states didnt succeed with them, they (the upper-southern states) would no longer be allowed to sell their slaves to them the powerful, wealthy southern landowners. With American slave trading as their main source of revenue, the upper-southern states would have ended up with a surplus of slaves with no one to sell them to. These States, who relied upon and did not have any moral opposition with owning slaves, saw the abolishment of slavery as a huge blow to their way of life. They felt that the only way they could preserve it was to succeeded from the Union who supported the complete abolishment of sla very. This perceived (and threatened) economic deterioration would ultimately lead Virginia to join the Confederate States. This led to the succession of the south and to the Civil War. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Slavery As A Reason Of American Civil War" essay for you Create order

Essay on The Great Gatsby American Dream or American...

â€Å"The loneliest moment in someone’s life is when they are watching their whole world fall apart, and all they can do is stare blankly.† ― F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby The American Dream, a long standing ideal embodies the hope that one can achieve financial success, political power, and everlasting love through dedication and hard work. During the Roaring 20s, people in America put up facades to mask who they truly were. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald conveys that the American Dream is simply an illusion, that is idealist and unreal. In the novel, Gatsby, a wealthy socialite pursues his dream, Daisy. In the process of pursuing Daisy, Gatsby betrays his morals and destroys himself. Through the eyes of the narrator, Nick,†¦show more content†¦The green light symbolizes Gatsbys hopes and dreams, an illusion that slowly possesses him; specifically his American Dream, Daisy. Gatsby sees Daisy just as immigrants from foreign countries once saw America; as a symbol of hope, the ideal life, and a future full of opportunity. Gatsby lives solely for this green light, which that gives him a sense of identity and purpose. Gatsbys dream is initially pure but in the process of pursuing it, the vision becomes tainted. His American Dream slowly takes possession of Gatsby, warping his illusion and dreams into reality. For five years, after meeting Daisy, he yearns and longs for her slowly changing her in his mind into a god. Over time the real memories began to fade and his dreams of what she should be took her place in his mind. When Gatsby finally wins her over, he expects too much of her, leading her to feel distressed and pressured. The rope ultimately snaps when Gatsby pressures Daisy to say that she never loved Tom, her husband, and only loved Gatsby. 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Scott Fitzgerald, presents the issue in pursuing the impossible: the American Dream. A dream in which all are â€Å"able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable† (Adams 215). Unfortunately, the latterRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe American dream is the idea that all people have the chance to prosper and succeeded in life. This idea inspires people to fight for something or someone. The American dream can be determined by love, wealth, power, success, etc. During the 1920’s, the idea of the American dream became corrupted and replaced with the idea of wealth and power describing America’s failures rather than America’s success. The main theme The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald is the Amer ican dream. In this novel, Frances ScottRead MoreGatsby’s Unrealistic American Dream in The Great Gatsby, by F. 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At the start of the novel, Gatsby â€Å"stretched his arms toward the dark water in a curious way† as he was reaching towards â€Å"a single green light, minute and far away† (Fitzgerald 21)Read MoreThe Great Gatsby and the American Dream1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe Real American Dream Since its institution, the United States has been revered as the ultimate land of ceaseless opportunity. People all around the world immigrated to America to seek quick wealth, which was predominately seen in the new Modern era. Beginning in the late 1800s to the early 1900s, the period introduced progressive ideas into society and the arts. Accompanying these ideas was a loss of faith in the American Dream and the promise America once guaranteed, especially after WorldRead MoreThe Great Gatsby - Demise Of The American Dream883 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby - Demise of the American Dream The Great Gatsby (1925) is a highly symbolic novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald on 1920 s America, an era of great prosperity and material excess. Its theme mainly deals with the disintegration of the American Dream due to decayed social and moral values. The American Dream is a set of ideals in which freedom includes the right for prosperity, success, and social upward mobility for all Americans which can be achieved through hard work and dedicationRead MoreCharacteristics Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1615 Words   |  7 PagesChuck Palahniuk once said in his novel Haunted,Thats the American Dream: to make your life into something you can sell. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the protagonist is a man named Gatsby who is accustomed to the party lifestyle of the Roaring Twenties. The novel follows a group of people living in a fictional town known as West Egg and East Egg.The two towns represent old money and new money. Jay Gatsby overcomes his po or upbringing and earns an enormous amount of money

HR and Customer Services Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of HR and Customer Services. Answer: Introduction This essay presents a detailed analysis in the form of an essay with respect to capability and skills of employees in the health organizations. The hospitals in UK are facing stiff challenges due to lack of nurses, poor customer services and improper guidance towards the work and the responsibilities. The human resource department of the organizations should play a major role in leading the employees towards the work and organizational responsibility including customer service. However, HR leaders should also think of the needs and demands of employees when leading them towards the goals. The leader should ensure that employees are satisfied and inclined towards their job responsibilities. The major area of the essay is the assessment and analysis of the role of HR leader to enhance the customer services in a low budget hospitals in UK while ensuring that organizational staff are satisfied and motivated about the work. On the basis of this area, the essay particularly focuses on the operational functions of front line employees such as the nurses, as frontline employees mostly interact or deal with the customers. In addition to this, an equal attention has also been placed on the labour shortage in UK health organization as there is a certain fact that due to aging population and increasing of number of retirement of nurses created the shortage of staff. Moreover, it is a true fact that governments hospitals in UK are under budget. Additionally, it is also identified that long hour shifting, workload, lack of clarity of the roles lead to workplace shortage. It is certain that health organizations run by the governments in UK are short of financial resources, which is affecting the overall services of the hospitals. Due to lack of budgets, the organizations are not able to invest in their employee skills development. Likewise, there could be other reasons or factors creating the impact on the employees at each level of the organizations, have been analysed intensively in following sections of the essay with valid and reliable data. These issues or the questions of the essay are interpreted wit h the facts and findings provided in the existing literature. Main Body Healthcare organizations in UK in the recent time have faced increasing number of issues related to customer service. As put forward by Silvain et al. (2007), customer service is one of the major segments falling under all sector or businesses which requires adequate attention because if the customers services are not properly enhanced, it could be difficult for any business to run its operation. If the scenarios of the hospitals are considered here, then it is worth mentioning that if the front line employees are not able to provide adequate information to the clients or families of the patients, those customers will not pay a second visit to the hospital. For example, London Bridge Hospital in UK faced a dire situation emerged from the poor customer service; in 2009, a bus accident at the downtown of the city increased the number of death to 13 and some of the patients were supposed to be admitted to London Bridge Hospital but all of patients had to shift to other nearby hospitals because the front line staff were not able to give information about the availability of doctors then (London Bridge Hospital 2018). This incident created the urge for developing a proper internal management at the London Bridge Hospital. It is certain that nurses as the front line employees of the hospital plays a great role in enhancing the customer service. However, it is also a fact that nurses face stiff challenges at the hospitals as the number of nurses is decreasing gradually due to the increasing retirement cases, low pay structure, improper work conditions and others. The following are some specific challenges that nurses face in the recent time at hospitals. Low paid and high turnover-based profession: The government hospital in UK is under budget and due to lack of fund, the service quality is going down gradually. The existing nurses at the hospital do not find motivation in performing their duties because their wages are low and due to this low pay structure, the newly joined nurses are leaving the organization. Consequently, the existing nurses face workload of absconded nurses. Even though, the HR plays the role of motivating the nurses to perform their duties but when the pay structure is low, the turnover is inevitable. According to Herzbergs hygiene factor indicates that the employees should be provided with reasonable and appropriate pay which should be equal and competitive to those in the sae sector (Dartey-Baah and Amoako 2011). Work life balance: It is identified that the due to labour shortage, the existing nurses in the hospital face or go through an increase burden of work. The nurses have to work under a long shift hours, which is challenging for them as they also have to manage their families and children. Due to improper human resource guidance, the nurses are not sure about their role and responsibilities. Consequently, most of the day, the nurses have to stretch their working hours. Workplace hazard: Physical- Due to lack of fund, the cleaning is usually not done in the government hospitals; thereby, the workface becomes infectious and nurses often fall sick. In addition, the nurses often meet with the accident caused by slippery floors and failing. Psychological impact: Healthcare services require high attention and instruction because any small mistake such as wrong use of injection can cause series trouble. Thereby, keeping the mind busy for long hours often create internal pressure in brain. Workplace conflict abuse: Due to increasing work pressure creates a chaotic and hazardous situation in the workplace. As there is no proper guidance from the leaders, lack of cooperation among the nurses often creates conflicts in the workplace. Emotional labour: Nurse in duty hours face many incidents such as losing a patient even after several attempts, dealing with rude and ill-behaved patients at the hospital. These incidents create a mental pressure which cause them poor health. When these nurses reach home, they have to complete their work such as taking care of children. These incidents altogether lead to emotional exhaustion and burnout. Furthermore, it is identified that for managing or enhancing customer services, the mandatory role of HR leader in leading or managing the staff often comes in the discussion of customer service enhancement articles. As put forward by Kakuma et al. (2011), human resource manager or the leader should play a significant role in leading the operation of the organizations under budget because, here, the role of the leader is not just about managing the performance of employees or motivating them, the leader has to manage the entire organizational operation within the given low budget. This means the budget remains as the concern to the HR leaders. Within a restricted budget, HR leader has to apply strategic HR management principles such as training and performance monitoring, monitoring the general human resource functions, holding meeting between staff, employees as well as administration and ensuring employees are receiving appropriate training programmes (Jiang et al. 2012). When it comes to training and performance monitoring, Guest (2011) mentioned that a primary task conducted by human resource is the quality control. This means that staff or the nurses can be trained to perform their job responsibilities at the most optima range by using their primary skills. According to Wright and McMahan (2011), HR leader can develop the tests to supervise the skills levels that can be administered throughout the hiring process. Furthermore, HR leader should work closely with both with clinical and non-clinical department managers to develop relevant professional development programs as well as deliver relevant learning opportunities for the employees. For example, Sunrise Medical in UK once internally started a knowledge management program for the nurse, practitioners and other staff, in which staff are invited to attend the weekly learning themes (Sunrisemedical.co.uk 2018). The themes include decision-making skills development, patient management at emergency a nd front desk operation management. Consequently, Sunrise Medical reported a growth of 21% in their customer base (Sunrisemedical.co.uk 2018). When it comes to employee satisfaction and happiness, the HR department must have the insight that managing or retaining employees just cannot be done by providing them the wages. As opined by Harzing and Pinnington (2010), the HR department or the organization must have to think of employee wellbeing and other essential needs. Dartey-Baah and Amoako (2011) supported Herzbergs two factor theory and suggested that both hygiene factor and motivation factors should be considered while retaining employees. According to Herzberg hygiene factor the employees at each level of the organization should be provided with appropriate pay structure, fringe benefits and proper physical work conditions. On the other side, Evans and Olumide-Aluko (2010) mentioned that motivation factor of Herzberg plays a great role in motivating employees which is further reflected on employee retention. The motivation factors may include recognition, growth and promotional opportunities and meaningfulness of the wo rk. This means that the leader should appreciate the effort and achievement of employees and on the basis of their achievement, the employees should be provided with internal growth and promotional opportunities. As put forward by Gruman and Saks (2011), employee performance can go below the expected margin for some common reasons such as if they do not find motivation in work, or if they are not sure about their role and responsibilities as there is no proper guidance. Thereby, in the case of a government hospital, the leader should manage the nurses or front life staff by segregating their roles and duties. The major issue such as the workload and long shift hours can be avoided or managed if the HR leader segregates the work into different segments. According to Sadikoglu and Zehir (2010) long shift hours can be reduced by employing few more staff but when the budget is limited, the organization could draw a work framework structure. According to work framework structure, the leader should put their employees in different team with a stipulated number of roles and responsibilities. Each team should have a specific target of job responsibilities and timeline; thereby, if the team performs t heir duties as per their target and instructions, hospitals can avoid workload and long hour shifts. Becker, Antuar and Everett (2011) conducted a research on the performance health organizations aligning NHS standards, and mentioned that as the front line employees such as nurses directly deal with the customers, those staff must acquire communication skills. Thereby, HR department or senior HR leader should must have think of the required communication training program. The goal of such communication training program should be about enhancing the communication skills of the employees who are directly with dealing with the customers. Such program does not cost much because, hence, the training is provided to the existing staff only. On the other side, to avoid the cost of hiring full time soft skill trainer, the hospital can hire a part-time or contact- based trainer who works for the specific period. For example, a stated above, Sunrise Medical in UK designs contract based training program for all employees. Sunrise Medical, in every year designs a fall to autumn learning program which helps their employees to deal with new and ongoing operational challenges in their organizational setting. According to Office for National Statistics almost 34% of total nurses in UK heading towards the retirement; as a consequence, the health organizations are observing labour shortage, excessive work pressure on the existing nurses (Ons.gov.uk 2018). Furthermore, emotional state of being is also affected when they do not receive appropriate support or guidance in such conflict situation. According to Arlie Hochschild emotional labour takes place when the staff introduce their emptions to portray themselves in a particular light and further creates a wanted state of mind. Hence, Hochschild developed two significant aspects related to the management of an individual emotions and these aspects are such as deep action and surface acting. According to Hochschild in deep acting an individual place his/her private emotional state into one which is aligned with what is socially acceptable for a particular situation (Hochschild 2015). Thus, in the case of a healthcare organization, when the emp loyees are under pressure or dealing with excessive workload, may experience emotional issues that they are unrecognizable but an HR leader can address the issue interacting with and strategically handling their roles. Therefore, the following paragraph says why it is important to pay attention to internal employees. It is highly important for the organizations in healthcare sector to pay required attention to the internal employees because it is universally proven that the organizational performance broadly depends on their how their employees perform. Thereby, the leader or human resource department does not give adequate attention to the employees, the employees set up their own rules in the workplace; everyone in the workplace could be laidback about their roles and responsibilities. Moreover, lack of attention to internal employee development could lead to high staff turnover; therefore, it is necessary for the organization to treat their people as the highest priority after their clients. The following paragraph shows the importance of having a satisfied internal employees leading to enhanced customer base applying service profit chain model By using service profit chain, crucial measure of the healthcare organization could set is customer loyalty. According to Hong et al. (2013), understanding the customer value is difficult for two significant reasons; if the organization is not a small one, it is difficult for the leaders to remain close in contract with the customers. Another reason for this is, the customers are not good enough at explaining what they actually want and why. Thereby, the best way to do is, use of frontline employees to generate a customer feedback loop. As put forward by Graban and Swartz (2012), the front line staff of healthcare organization can be trained to figure out how to convert customer feedback into a useful input and appropriate tools, which can provide structure that is more practical and actionable at the range. Furthermore, Chuang et al. (2012) mentioned that the frontline employee such as the nurses are critical to effective customer experience. The translation of customer feedback in the service profit chain model empower employees to perform their responsibilities effectively as well as maximize their motivation to deliver more effective services. Furthermore, Hong et al. (2013) mentioned that generating a feedback loop for frontline employees remains as the driver to unidentified problems that affect the productivity. The authors in their article have also revealed the data derived from the survey that only 4% of firms frontline issues known by the top management, only 9% are known by middle management, 74% by supervisors as well as 100% are known by the employees only (Hong et al. 2013). Therefore, the organization can understand why it remains critical to have a better way to collect, design and resolve the issues that HR managers do not have information of. In addition to this, the health organization also needs to pay attention to human resource development such as appropriate requirement process, motivation, and empowerment. Recruit: Hospital needs more skilled employees who can better understand the role and cooperate with others in the workplace. Thus, to recruit employees, the organization can conduct a personality test where the skills and characteristics of employees can be analysed. The recruiters must have to assess the interpersonal skills of the candidates such as communication, eye contact practice and others. Moreover, some particular attributes such as patience, passion and sympathy towards others of candidates should also be analysed. Enable: The employees should be provided by with appropriate training and development programs where they can learn or enhance of their skills of decision making, problem solving and knowledge sharing. The employees should also be provided with frequent technological knowledge as the use of technology is rapidly increasing in healthcare industry. Motivate: Nurses should be provide with appropriate reward and monetary benefits on the completion of the achievement of work. Specific role of nurses: Create positive focus and gain self-control Create a stable work balance Relaxation in the leisure time It is significant to have a good process in place that could bias action over the analysis. However, Sadikoglu and Zehir (2010) conducted a study and found that focus on implementing a known solution holds a greater impact on customer satisfaction instead of analysing as well as focussing on the bigger issues. On the other side, Gruman and Saks (2011) mentioned that generating new ideas on how to enhance customer satisfaction is not usually the problem, knowledge already resides within the internal setting of organization. According to this author, the bigger issue is that those ideas do not prove to be effective because the individuals with the solutions usually does not have the resources required to implement it. It is probably that origin of the issue and solution resides elsewhere in the firm. Thus, a better connection between frontline employees as well as leadership become a key. With the help of appropriate tools and leadership support, the HR manager could make sure that the solutions get the required resources. Conclusion As mentioned above, HR leader should play a broad role in managing the overall operation of the healthcare organization. Customer service improvement is directly related to the internal workforce development. Particularly, in order to learn about customer issues and complaints, it is better to create customer feedback loop in which frontline employees will convey the issue to the senior management by translating them into a meaningful input. Hence, employee training is a mandatory initiative. Likewise, the organization can also create employee feedback loop to learn about employee issues that affect the productivity of the organization. The above presented paragraph talks about the role of HR leader in managing the overall organizational performance. The content also includes the discussion about the importance of having skilled employees who deal with the operation. Some real-world examples have also been provided to understand the consequence of not providing customers with appropriate information. When it comes to employee satisfaction and happiness, factors mentioned in Herzeberg two factor theory has been discussed and suggested to the healthcare organization. The service profit chain model give in the body of the essay helps to understand how customer services can be improved by collecting feedback through feedback loop. On the bass of this model, employee feedback loop has also derived which could help to identify the employee issues that organizations face in the internal environment and address them by collecting feedback from the employee feedback loop. The essay questions regarding the customer service improvement, employee shortage management are significant and often observed many organizations in all sector besides the healthcare. Therefore, importance of conducting an essay on this context, lies on the fact enhanced solutions can derived to resolve worldly known issues. References Becker, K., Antuar, N. and Everett, C., 2011. Implementing an employee performance management system in a nonprofit organization.Nonprofit Management and Leadership,21(3), pp.255-271. Chuang, E., Dill, J., Morgan, J.C. and Konrad, T.R., 2012. A configurational approach to the relationship between high?performance work practices and frontline health care worker outcomes.Health services research,47(4), pp.1460-1481. Dartey-Baah, K. and Amoako, G.K., 2011. Application of Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor theory in assessing and understanding employee motivation at work: a Ghanaian Perspective.European Journal of Business and Management,3(9), pp.1-8. Evans, L. and Olumide-Aluko, F., 2010. Teacher Job Satisfaction in Developing Countries: A Critique of Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory Applied to the Nigerian Context.International Studies in Educational Administration (Commonwealth Council for Educational Administration Management (CCEAM)),38(2). Graban, M. and Swartz, J.E., 2012.Healthcare kaizen: Engaging front-line staff in sustainable continuous improvements. CRC Press. Gruman, J.A. and Saks, A.M., 2011. Performance management and employee engagement.Human Resource Management Review,21(2), pp.123-136. Guest, D.E., 2011. Human resource management and performance: still searching for some answers.Human resource management journal,21(1), pp.3-13. Harzing, A.W. and Pinnington, A. eds., 2010.International human resource management. Sage. Hochschild, A.R., 2015. The managed heart. InWorking In America(pp. 47-54). Routledge. Hong, Y., Liao, H., Hu, J. and Jiang, K., 2013. Missing link in the service profit chain: a meta-analytic review of the antecedents, consequences, and moderators of service climate.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(2), p.237. Jiang, K., Lepak, D.P., Hu, J. and Baer, J.C., 2012. How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), pp.1264-1294. Kakuma, R., Minas, H., van Ginneken, N., Dal Poz, M.R., Desiraju, K., Morris, J.E., Saxena, S. and Scheffler, R.M., 2011. Human resources for mental health care: current situation and strategies for action.The Lancet,378(9803), pp.1654-1663. London Bridge Hospital. 2018.World-class private hospital | London Bridge Hospital. [online] Available at: https://www.londonbridgehospital.com/ [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018]. Ons.gov.uk. 2018.Home - Office for National Statistics. [online] Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018]. Sadikoglu, E. and Zehir, C., 2010. Investigating the effects of innovation and employee performance on the relationship between total quality management practices and firm performance: An empirical study of Turkish firms.International journal of production economics,127(1), pp.13-26. Sunrisemedical.co.uk. 2018.Wheelchairs, Seating Mobility Scooters | Sunrise Medical. [online] Available at: https://www.sunrisemedical.co.uk/ [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018]. Wright, P.M. and McMahan, G.C., 2011. Exploring human capital: putting humanback into strategic human resource management.Human Resource Management Journal,21(2), pp.93-104. Bibliography ALLAN, H. and SMITH, P.P., 2008, Jun 25. Reply Letters and emails: Support and recognition can put smiles back on nurses' faces. The Guardian, 33. ISSN 02613077. Bishop, C.E., Squillace, M.R., Meagher, J., Anderson, W.L. Wiener, J.M. 2009, "Nursing home work practices and nursing assistants' job satisfaction",The Gerontologist,vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 611. Bishop, C.E., Squillace, M.R., Meagher, J., Anderson, W.L. Wiener, J.M. 2009, "Nursing home work practices and nursing assistants' job satisfaction",The Gerontologist,vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 611. Chappell, N.L. Dujela, C. 2009, "CaregiversWho Copes How?",The International Journal of Aging and Human Development,vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 221-244. Stenbock-Hult, B. Sarvimki, A. 2011, "The meaning of vulnerability to nurses caringzfor older people",Nursing Ethics,vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 31-41.

Of Mice and Men Compared to La Strada free essay sample

This is shown by often showing her by the playful sea as well as being followed by animals and children throughout the film. Then there is Zampano, a rather dull muscle man who doesn’t think much before he acts. Yet, Gelsomina follows him with unwavering commitment throughout the film. Only once does she appear to doubt her place with him and shortly after us seeing her doubt her place the Fool, an innocent playful man, puts her back in the mindset that that is her purpose. After all everything has a purpose, even a pebble. The Fool, or Il Mato, is always messing with Zampano and is constantly outsmarting him. Right from the first time we see these two characters it is clear that Zampano despises the fool and eventually chases after him with a knife. The knife represents Zampano’s physical approach to things and how he is viewed in terms of masculinity. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mice and Men Compared to La Strada or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Fool continues messing with Zampano, until Zampano accidentally kills him. His immediate thought it that his career is over and this shows just how physical he is and how he sees everything as â€Å"what can it do for me? †. He bought Gelsomina from her family, certainly not for her benefit but for his own. This behavior also shows in the way he treats Rosa, he views women as things that are there to benefit him. He didn’t realize his own strength and later says in the movie â€Å"It was only two punches, two punches! †. Here hes clearly trying to justify the wrong he unknowingly committed. This isn’t the only wrong. Towards the end of the film Zampano leaves Gelsomina with some money and her trumpet and years later finds out that she died because he left her there. I believe that him leaving her was foreshadowing her death because there is no way she would know what to do, she didn’t know how to survive without him. In Steinbeck’s Of Mice And Men, the main characters are the innocent simple-minded Lenny and his friend George, both of whom are very strong workingmen who travel around looking for physical labor that can be done. Lenny is mentally retarded and follows George like a puppy. George is often around animals, from the little mouse he was carrying in his pocket to the puppy he loved so much. In the beginning of the book George used to mess with Lenny because of his unwavering devotion but once he realized how genuine it was he stopped it immediately. George is described as a relatively strong man who is very smart and does the thinking for both him and Lenny. He watches out for Lenny and feels responsible for him. Lenny feels that his place is always right next to George. However in the end of this book George abuses Lenny’s trust and murders him with the gun used to kill Candy’s dog around the time they arrived. He even killed him the same way that they killed the dog, one shot, right to the back of the head. I believe Steinbeck having the dog killed, foreshadows the death of Lenny. Not just that he will die, but that someone who loves him will be the one to kill him. I think it shows that Lenny will die because he is always around animals, you’re supposed to associate him with animals and pets, and that this dog isn’t like most other dogs just like Lenny isn’t like most other people. They both have things working against them. For Lenny it’s being mentally retarded and for the dog it is the way that age has affected him. Both of these stories have a lot in common as far as archetypal symbolism goes. They both have the child-like, innocent character represented by Gelsomina and Lenny. By having these characters in these pieces the audience is given someone to care about and feel attached to. These two both act and are treated very much like children which makes it easy for us to see them in an innocent, positive light giving us someone to be interested in, we want to make sure they are okay and that nothing bad happens to them. There are many ways you can tell how innocent these characters are, both are shown with small animals a lot and Gelsomina is also shown in the same shot as the ocean a lot. These stories also have the physical male characters that very much affect the lives of the innocent characters. These physical characters would be George and Zampano, while these two characters themselves have very little in common as far as the time they lived and their profession their personal tales draw a surprising amount of parallels. These two are both protectors of the innocent characters, given the task to watch over them and are responsible for Lenny and Gelsomina. Both George and Zampano end up killing their innocent companion in the end. The deaths of Lenny and Gelsomina are both heavily foreshadowed. Zampano is very obvious with the fact that he doesn’t care what happens to Gelsomina and like having to take care of her. So when he leaves her by the side of the road it’s hard to be surprised because this was something you could see him doing to Gelsomina because he always treated her like a burden. However when George ends up killing Lenny it comes as a huge shock to the reader because he had always loved and protected him. Even though he didn’t want to kill Lenny it was for the safety of the people that Lenny interacted with so George felt he had to kill him. Both George and Zampano are very effected by the deaths of Lenny and Gelsomina. When they both realize what they have done, they return to the place where the story started. For Zampano and Gelsomina that is the ocean whereas for George and Lenny it is their own personal Eden in the woods. This is part of a reoccurring theme of cycles throughout these stories that are very important to the story. La Strada starts off with a shot of Gelsomina by the ocean, something much like her. It goes with the flow and doesn’t put up much resistance and is innocent and beautiful. At the end of the film, when Zampano has realized he is responsible for the death of Gelsomina he returns to the sea. The same is true for the beginning of Of Mice And Men, George and Lenny had just set up camp by a little river in the woods, a place where others had clearly been before. At the end of the book, Lenny was killed in that very spot after he ran away from the farm. These stories are both great examples of classic character archetypes and clearly show the heroes journey. Lenny and Gelsomina both clearly have a call to adventure, for Lenny it is going to work at a new farm with George and for Gelsomina it is when Zampano buys her from her family. They have their awakenings, Gelsomina’s is when the fool gives her the pebble and teaches her that everything has a purpose, George’s is when he crushes Curly’s hand. They have their helpers, the Fool and all the other men on the farm. Their transformations are a little different, for George it would be when he kills Curly’s wife and realizes he needs to run, for Gelsomina, though we don’t see it, it is when she realizes that she is alone and that Zampano has left her. Last of all is the return, unfortunately for our innocent characters this is tied into their deaths, and the actual killing/realization of their deaths.

The Differences Between Communism and Socialism

The Differences Between Communism and Socialism The difference between communism and socialism is not conveniently clear-cut. The two terms are often used interchangeably, but these economic and political theories are not the same. Both communism and socialism arose from protests against the exploitation of the working class during the Industrial Revolution. While applications of their economic and social policies vary, several modern countries- all ideologically opposed to capitalism- are perceived as either communist or socialist. In order to understand contemporary political debates, its important to know the similarities and the differences between communism and socialism. Communism vs. Socialism In both communism and socialism, the people own the factors of economic production. The main difference is that under communism, most property and economic resources are owned and controlled by the state (rather than individual citizens); by contrast, under socialism, all citizens share equally in all economic resources as allocated by a democratically-elected government. This difference and others are outlined in the table below. Communism vs. Socialism Attribute Communism Socialism Basic Philosophy From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs. From each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution. Economy Planned By Central government Central government Ownership of Economic Resources All economic resources are publicly owned and controlled by the government. Individuals hold no personal property or assets. Individuals own personal property but all industrial and production capacity is communally owned and managed by a democratically elected government. Distribution of Economic Production Production is intended to meet all basic human needs and is distributed to the people at no charge. Production is intended to meet individual and societal needs and distributed according to individual ability and contribution. Class Distinction Class is abolished. The ability to earn more than other workers is almost nonexistent. Classes exist but differences are diminished. It is possible for some people to earn more than others. Religion Religion is effectively abolished. Freedom of religion is allowed. Key Similarities Communism and socialism both grew out of grass-roots opposition to the exploitation of workers by wealthy businesses during the Industrial Revolution. Both assume that all goods and services will be produced by government-controlled institutions or collective organizations rather than by privately-owned businesses. In addition, the central government is mainly responsible for all aspects of economic planning, including matters of supply and demand. Key Differences Under communism, the people are compensated or provided for based on their needs. In a pure communist society, the government provides most or all food, clothing, housing and other necessities based on what it considers the needs of the people. Socialism is based on the premise the people will be compensated based on the level of their individual contribution to the economy. Effort and innovation are thus rewarded under socialism. Pure Communism Definition Pure communism is an economic, political, and social system in which most or all property and resources are collectively owned by a class-free society rather than by individual citizens. According to the theory developed by German philosopher, economist, and political theorist Karl Marx in his classic 1848 book, â€Å"The Communist Manifesto,† pure communism results in a society in which all people are equal and there is no need for money or the accumulation of individual wealth. There is no private ownership of economic resources, with a central government controlling all facets of production. Economic output is distributed according to the needs of the people. Social friction between white and blue collar workers and between rural and urban cultures will be eliminated, freeing each person to achieve his or her highest human potential. Under pure communism, the central government provides the people with all basic necessitates, such as food, housing, education, and medical care, thus allowing the people to share equally from the benefits of collective labor. Free access to these necessities depends on constant advances in technology contributing to ever-greater production. In 1875, Marx coined the phrase used to summarize communism, â€Å"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.† Pure Socialism Definition Pure socialism is an economic system under which each individual- through a democratically elected government- is given an equal share of the four factors or economic production: labor, entrepreneurship, capital goods, and natural resources. In essence, socialism is based on the assumption that all people naturally want to cooperate, but are restrained from doing so by the competitive nature of capitalism. Socialism is an economic system where everyone in society equally owns the factors of production. The ownership is acquired through a democratically elected government. It could also be a cooperative or public corporation in which everyone owns shares. Again, the four factors of production under socialism are labor, entrepreneurship, capital goods, and natural resources. As in a command economy, the socialist government employs centralize planning to allocate resources based on both the needs of individuals and society as a whole. Economic output is distributed according to each individual’s ability and level of contribution. In 1980, American author and sociologist Gregory Paul paid homage to Marx in coining the phrase commonly used to describe socialism, â€Å"From each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution.†Ã‚   What Is a Socialist Democracy? Democratic socialism is an economic, social, and political ideology holding that while both the society and economy should be run democratically, they should be dedicated to meeting the needs of the people as a whole, rather than encouraging individual prosperity as in capitalism. Democratic socialists advocate the transition of society from capitalism to socialism through existing participatory democratic processes, rather than revolution as characterized by orthodox Marxism. Universally-used services, such as housing, utilities, mass transit, and health care are distributed by the government, while consumer goods are distributed by a capitalistic free market.   The latter half of the 20th century saw the emergence of a more moderate version of socialist democracy advocating a mixture of socialist and capitalist control of all means of economic production supplemented by extensive social welfare programs to help provide the basic needs of the people. What is Green Socialism   As a recent outgrowth of the environmental movement and the climate change debate, green socialism or â€Å"eco-socialism† places its economic emphasis on the maintenance and utilization of natural resources. This is achieved largely through government ownership of the largest, most resource consumptive corporations. The use of â€Å"green† resources, such as renewable energy, public transit, and locally sourced food is emphasized or mandated. Economic production focuses on meeting the basic needs of the people, rather than a wasteful excess of unneeded consumer goods. Green socialism often offers a guaranteed minimum livable income to all citizens regardless of their employment status. Communist Countries It is difficult to classify countries as being either communist or socialist. Several countries, while ruled by the Communist Party, declare themselves to be socialist states and employ many aspects of socialist economic and social policy. Three countries typically considered communist states- mainly due to their political structure- are Cuba, China, and North Korea. China The Communist Party of China owns and strictly controls all industry, which operates solely to generate profits for the government through its successful and growing export of consumer goods. Health care and primary through higher education are run by the government and provided free of charge to the people. However, housing and property development operate under a highly competitive capitalist system. Cuba   The Communist Party of Cuba owns and operates most industries, and most of the people work for the state. Government-controlled health care and primary through higher education are provided free. Housing is either free or heavily subsidized by the government. North Korea Ruled by the Communist Party until 1946, North Korea now operates under a â€Å"Socialist Constitution of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea.† However, the government owns and control of all farmland, workers, and food distribution channels. Today, the government provides universal health and education for all citizens. Private ownership of property is forbidden. Instead, the government grants people the right to government-owned and assigned homes. Socialist Countries Once again, most modern countries that identify themselves to be socialist may not strictly follow the economic or social systems associated with pure socialism. Instead, most countries generally considered socialist actually employ the policies of democratic socialism. Norway, Sweden, and Denmark all employ similar predominantly socialist systems. The democratically chosen governments of all three countries provide free health care, education, and lifetime retirement income. As a result, however, their citizens pay some of the world’s highest taxes. All three countries also have highly successful capitalist sectors. With most of their needs provided by their governments, the people see little need to accumulate wealth. As a result, about 10% of the people hold more than 65 percent of each nation’s wealth. Sources and Further Reference Engels, Frederick (1847). â€Å"Principles of Communism.†Bukharin, Nikoli. (1920). â€Å"The ABCs of Communism.†Lenin, Vladimir (1917). â€Å"The State and Revolution Chapter 5, Section 3.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Difference Between Communism and Socialism.† Investopedia (2018).Marx, Karl (1875). â€Å".†The Critique of the Gotha Programme (From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs)Paul, Gregory and Stuart, Robert C. â€Å".†Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century Cengage Learning (1980). ISBN: 9780618261819. (From each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution.)Heilbroner, Robert. â€Å"Socialism.† Library of Economics and Liberty Kallie Szczepanski  contributed to this article.

Bio-metric technologies are capable of providing the secured way of identification and personal activities to overcome the security issues in the process of Internet banking in banks The WritePass Journal

Bio-metric technologies are capable of providing the secured way of identification and personal activities to overcome the security issues in the process of Internet banking in banks INTRODUCTION: Bio-metric technologies are capable of providing the secured way of identification and personal activities to overcome the security issues in the process of Internet banking in banks INTRODUCTION:GROWTH OF INTERNET BANKING:Rise of Security Attacks in Internet Banking:Various types of possible Security Attacks: Phishing: Malware, Botnets and DDoS Attacks:Viruses:Spyware and Adware:Insider Attacks:Existing counter measures and why they are not effective? :Anti-Phishing Counter measure:Malware, Botnets and DDoS Counter Measures:Viruses, Spyware and Adware Counter Measures:Summary: References:Related INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this literature is to identify whether Bio-metric technologies are capable of providing the secured way of identification and personal activities to overcome the security issues in the process of Internet banking in banks. This literature also discusses about the possible security threats which most affect the online banking and the progress of counter measures taken to overcome the security issues. The main aim of this research is to analyse the capability of Bio-metric technologies and also about the benefits of using Bio-metric technologies for the security purpose in Internet banking. GROWTH OF INTERNET BANKING: According to Aravind Duraiswamy (2009), traditional way of banking requires their customers to visit the banks every time even to perform their basic banking needs like checking their bank account balance. As the usage of Internet becomes popular banks came up with the concept of Internet banking where customers could perform most of the transactions from their homes or anywhere for that matter. The Internet banking application has features that help to meet most of the banking needs of a bank account holder over the internet. A recent paper (Hisamatsu et al, 2010) mentioned that the concept of online banking started in the 1980s and it first became available for client use in 1995. Since then, the number of banks offering online banking services as well as demand for the service has increased. In the UK alone, the number of people using online banking has increased by 174% in just 5 years from 2001 to 2006. In the US, 53 million people, or one out of every 4 adults, used online banking in 2005. According to Lee (2008, p.130-141) However, despite the fact that  online banking provides many advantages, such as faster transaction speed and lower handling fees, there are still a large group of customers who refuse to adopt such services due to uncertainty and security concerns. Binshan et al. (2010) indicates that trust is the â€Å"heart of the system† for online banking. Thus, we can say that internet banking is susceptible to greater sense of insecurity than older banking services and thereby importance of trust is also relatively higher in adoption of internet banking. A review by Michal et al. (2009) mentions that, a high level of perceived risk is considered to be a barrier to propagation of new innovations. Influenced by the imagination-capturing stories of hackers, customers may fear that an unauthorized party will gain access to their online account and serious financial implications will follow. Rise of Security Attacks in Internet Banking: A paper (Zakaria et al, 2009) reported that information security means the protection of information and information systems from illegal and unauthorized access, use, destruction or modification of data or information. However at the same time, information security issues are considered as the major factors affecting the growth of online banking as the fraudulent activities are prominently increasing. Also it has been reported that one-third of account holders who had signed up for e-banking had stopped using it due to unsatisfactory security service or the complexity of using the service. A review by Laerte et al. (2011) indicates that the number of malware and exploits focused on online banking systems vulnerabilities has been steadily growing during past years. Recent reports indicate that banking Trojans were among the 50 main security threats in 2009. While Brazil figures as the source and destination of most of those attacks performed in Latin America. Rachwald (2008, p.11-12)argues that in the physical world attackers are limited by their ability to manipulate physical items like making an extra copy of your account number. In the online world attackers are essentially unlimited in the resources they can bring to bear. A review by Francisco et al. (2010) mentions that, Banking is considered a highly dynamic business, even more so when price reductions or better conditions are offered to customers contracting services over the internet. However some groups of customers are reluctant to use such services. Regarding electronic commerce in general, consumers show more concern about the use of banking services when the amount of money potentially exposed to fraud is significantly larger, than with other types of services or organizations. Various types of possible Security Attacks: Most internet banking fraud occurs in a two-step process. First, the offender must get their hands on the customers account information, like their username and password. Second, the offender will use that information to move his victims money to another account or withdraw it to make fraudulent purchases, which can be found online (Internet Banking Fraud: Why is Online Banking so Popular, 2009). These fraud schemes include, Phishing: Hossain et al. (2011) argues that, Phishing is a web-based attack that allures end users to visit fraudulent websites and give away personal information (e.g., user id, password). The stolen information is the beginning point of many illegitimate activities such as online money laundering. Phishing attacks cost billions of dollars in losses to business organizations and end users. A recent paper (Pravin et al, 2011) argues that, although phishing is a simple social engineering attack, it has proven to be surprisingly effective. Hence, the number of phishing scams is continuing to grow, and the cost of the resulting damages is increasing. One of the main reasons why phishing attacks are possible is because mails can be spoofed easily. Butler (2007, p.517-533) found that a White Paper on Phishing explains that use of the term â€Å"phishing† originates in the term â€Å"password harvesting fishing†. Phishing attacks are popular, as they are relatively inexpensive to launch, while the potential returns for the phisher could be significant. Phishers succeed in their attacks as consumers are not adequately informed about the risks of disclosing their personal details. A review by Gerald et al. (2008) indicates that the term ‘phishing’ has its origins from the analogy that identity thieves are using lures usually in the form of e-mails to ‘fish’ for passwords and financial data from the ‘sea’ of Internet users. As users are getting more aware of the modus operandi of phishing attacks over the Internet, identity thieves are taking measures to deceive the public and to continue harvesting stolen identities online. A variant of phishing that is yielding potent results to these perpetrators is spear-phishing which is more targeted and specific if compared to its predecessor. A review by Petr et al. (2010) mentions that in the Phishing kind of attack, the attacker tries to obtain victims private information like credit card number, passwords or account numbers. It is based on sending bogus e-mails, which pretend to be an official request from victims bank or any other similar institution. These e-mails requests to insert victims private information on referenced page. This page looks similar to official internet banking and the user fills in all requested fields in good faith that all his information will be safe, which leads to the compromising of all of his information. Malware, Botnets and DDoS Attacks: According to Wajeb et al. (2011) nowadays, there is a huge variety of cyber threats that can be quite dangerous not only for big companies but also for an ordinary user, who can be a potential victim for cybercriminals when using unsafe system for entering confidential data, such as login, password, credit card numbers, etc. Among popular computer threats it is possible to distinguish several types depending on the means and ways they are realized. They are: malicious software (malware), DDoS attacks (Distributed Denial-of-Service), botnets. Shrutiet al. (2010) argues that Botnets are the network compromised machines under the control of a human operator. Using botnet attacker can perform various attacks like distributed denial of service (DDoS), email spamming, key logging, click fraud etc. DDoS attack is used to perform overloading in a network or system, so that an authorized user cannot use the service. Starting a distributed denial of service attack needs a whole bunch of machines. According to various sources, its very easy to compromise a computer. As soon as a computer is compromised it can be used to engage in malignant activities. A so called â€Å"Bot is created. One bot as itself cannot be very harmful but as a user gathers a collection of bots and binds them together, the user is creating a â€Å"BotNet which has a much high bandwidth capability. The communication between the bots is using a specific control channel which is owned by the bot herder or bot master (Burkhard et al., 2011, p.22). Malware infects PCs, waits for the user to log onto a list of targeted banks and financial institutions, and then steals their credentials which are sent to a remote server in real time (Gendron, 2010). A recent paper (Shih-Yao et al., 2009) indicates that malware is designed specifically to expose confidential information, such as system data, confidential files and documents, or logon credentials that are stored on the infected computer. With the widespread use of online shopping and Internet banking, the compromises of this nature results in significant financial loss, particularly if credit card information or banking details are exposed. Viruses: Online banking customers are being targeted by international cyber criminals who are using sophisticated computer viruses to empty their accounts. A new version of a well-known Trojan virus has stolen  £675,000 from about 3,000 online customers of an unnamed British bank, according to an internet security company (Griffiths and Harvey, 2010). The cash has been remotely transferred out of the accounts, held by businesses and individuals. The virus checks to see how much money is in the accounts, steals it and shows the customer fake bank balances to cover its tracks, the company said. It uncovered the scale of the theft after penetrating the criminals command-and-control server, which is based in Eastern Europe. The company said that it had informed the financial institution concerned and the police two weeks ago and the attack appeared to be continuing. Zeus v3 is one of a new wave of viruses that often invade consumers machines when they visit legitimate websites, in what is termed a drive-by infection (Griffiths and Harvey, 2010). Burton (2008) identified a Trojan virus labelled SilentBanker. SilentBanker is aptly named because this virus embeds itself on home computers after users have visited random websites and it has the ability to redirect money from customer’s accounts during a normal Internet banking session, all without any outward signs that a virus is at work. And most worrisome of all is that the usual indicators of a secure website; the locked padlock symbol and the letter â€Å"s† in a website address (https :), no longer guarantee that a website is secured. Spyware and Adware: Clutterbuck (2010) highlighted that, Spyware has been described as a software paradigm designed to illicitly collect and distribute targeted consumer information. â€Å"It is difficult to define spyware with precision. The working definition proposed was software that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge and which may send such information to another entity without the consumer’s consent, or asserts control over a computer without the consumer’s knowledge.† In the analysis of Aycock (2010, pp.2) Adware can be considered a somewhat less harmful and usually more obvious form of Spyware. Spyware is covert; adware is overt. Just as for Spyware, there are behaviours that could be thought of as being characteristic of adware. Janice et al. (2008) defines Adware, a type of spyware, delivers specific advertisements and offerings, customized for individual users as they browse the web. These advertisements can take the form of pop-up or pop-under ads, web banners, redirected webpages, and spam e-mail. Some adware however, may alter a homepage by hijacking a web browser, or add URLs to bookmarks, to persistently present a competitors website or a look-alike site, disallowing the user web access for his own purposes. According to Janice et al. (2008) personal information such as financial data, passwords, and identification-tagged downloads can be transmitted, without the users knowledge or consent, to the spyware author or third-party sites. These sites can â€Å"phish† for data from user inputs while surfing, banking, and making purchases. The data could then be used to promote gambling, pornography, or fraudulent schemes, such as identity theft, to unsuspecting users. Insider Attacks: (Hui et al., 2010) defines insider and insider threat as â€Å"An insider is a current or former employee, a contractor or a business partner who has or had authorized access and intentionally exceeded that access in a manner that negatively affected the confidentiality, integrity or availability of the organization’s information or information systems’. Fyffe (2008, p.11-14) argues that, In response to the increase in data breaches and the need to monitor and prevent attacks at every level, security professionals are proactively seeking ways to combat the insider threat. Despite this increased focus, internal attacks remain difficult to prevent. The motivation of those behind the breaches can be difficult to identify and the perpetrators often hide in plain sight. In many cases, insider attacks are premeditated and deliberate, but organisations must also recognise that non-malicious insiders can inadvertently access and distribute sensitive information. Existing counter measures and why they are not effective? : (Paget, 2009) argues that financial fraud often starts with the diversion of personal information. A trash or recycling bin, a telephone conversation, or a poorly protected computer can be the starting point for fraud. Businesses are often vulnerable as well. Stolen laptops and data loss can lead to lasting damage to its brand image and heavy financial consequences for the company itself or its customers. In this respect, banks find themselves on the front line. Although it is impossible to completely eliminate the chance of becoming a victim of identity theft, individuals can effectively reduce their risk by following some commonsense recommendations. Anti-Phishing Counter measure: A recent paper (Abdullah and Malcolm, 2009) indicates that there have been different proposed anti-Phishing solutions to mitigate the problem of Phishing. Security toolbars have been used to prevent Phishing attacks such as SpoofStick. There are also anti-Phishing approaches that make users aware of Phishing emails and websites and how to avoid them. The most basic approach is publishing guidelines for the Internet users to follow when they go online. According to (Abdullah and Malcolm, 2009) Anti-Phishing training will make the end-user aware and it will erect an effective barrier against Phishing attempts. Anti-Phishing awareness was shown to have a great positive effect in mitigating the risk of Phishing. There is a variety of anti-Phishing training approaches to make users aware of Phishing emails and websites and to learn how to avoid them. People are vulnerable to phishing attacks because spoofed websites look very similar to legitimate websites. People have trouble identifying phishing sites even in tests in which they have been alerted about the possibility of such attacks. Furthermore, when phishers personalize their emails, they can further increase the likelihood that the attack will be successful. Researchers have developed several technical approaches to countering phishing attacks, including toolbars, email filters, and verified sender addresses. However, these approaches are not foolproof. In a recent study of 10 anti-phishing tools, only one tool was able to correctly identify over 90% of phishing websites, and that tool also incorrectly identified 42% of legitimate websites as fraudulent. Furthermore, while automated phishing detection is improving, phishers continuously adapt their attack techniques to improve their chances of success (Johnny, 2007). According to (Cranor, 2008) with so much of money at stake, the computer security community has been scrambling to develop tech ­nologies to combat phishing, such as filters for e-mail and Web browsers that flag phishing at ­tempts. Although such software has helped stop many attacks, phishers are constantly evolving their tactics to try to stay a step ahead of such technologies. Since phishing plays on human vul ­nerabilities, a successful attack requires a victim to succumb to the lure and take some action and it is also not strictly a technological problem. A review by Ponnurangam et al. (2010) indicates that most anti-phishing research has focused on solving the problem by eliminating the threat or warning users. However, little work has been done on educating people about phishing and other semantic attacks. Educating users about security is challenging, particularly in the context of phishing, because users are not motivated to read about security in general and therefore do not take time to educate themselves about phishing for most users, security is a secondary task (e.g. one does not go to an online banking website to check the SSL implementation of the website, but rather to perform a banking transaction) and it is difficult to teach people to make the right online trust decision. Malware, Botnets and DDoS Counter Measures: Traditional ways of counter-measuring botnets is generally restricted to spotting a central weak point in their infrastructure that can be manipulated, disrupted or blocked. The most common way is to cooperate with an Internet service provider to gain access and shut down the central component, resulting in a loss of control for the botnet owner: The botnet cannot be commanded anymore. Such actions are often performed during emergency response to an ongoing incident like a DDoS attack (Felix et al., 2009). According to (Felix et al., 2009) the most promising approach is to remove the base of a botnet, which is the CC server. Pulling the plug of the command-and-control host allows to extinguish the whole botnet in one go. Unfortunately this is only possible if all of the following conditions are met: 1. The botnet uses a centralized structure 2. The location of the CC server is known 3. The provider cooperates If any one of those conditions is not met, the CC server cannot be removed. A review by Muththolib et al. (2010) mentions that Static Passwords, also the most common type of authentication method used in e-banking websites. It is based on proof knowledge. This type of mechanisms is prone to all type of attacks and usually attacks like capture, replay, guessing or phishing are common and effective attacks. Soft-token Certificate/SSL-TLS,this mechanism conducts mutual authentication between the user terminal and internet banking server, based on the certificates stored on the user’s web browser. The mechanism is prone to malicious software attacks such as key logger screen captures and also allows access to the user’s certificate stored on the browser which would also result in identity theft Muththolib et al. (2010). Hard-token Certificate/SSL-TLS:in this mechanism it uses a token for the authentication process. This mechanism is prone to token attack tools, malicious software attacks and also these tokens can be stolen. One-time Password/Time-b ased Code Generator: in this mechanism a one-time password is generated by a random calculator, using a seed that is pre shared between a PIN protected user’s device and the Internet Banking Server. This mechanism is also prone to number of attacks including device theft. Viruses, Spyware and Adware Counter Measures: (Miko, 2010) argues that using trusted HW deviceslikeHW calculators, HW password generators, smart cardreaders, mobile phonewill help to block the viruses. Assume that the computer is under attacker control (e.g. via Trojan Horse). Using alternate channel (OOB – out of band) SMS messages, phone calls will help to overcome from the attack. Assume that all the communication computer ↔Internet is under attacker control. According to (Kishore, 2009) to protect the systems against Trojan horses, users should use virus scanners and be careful with downloaded software or e†mail attachments. However usage of one-time passwords (OTP) solves only credential stealing and the confirmation codes are not linked with authorising transaction which made more vulnerable to the viruses. Summary: Finally, from the above discussions we can understand that the bank industries faces an enormous growth with the help of   Internet banking facilities and also we can realize that how Internet banking becomes a negative aspect for the banking industry in the means of security issues which cannot be able to completely prevented with the use of existing counter measures. In the next step we can find out and analyse whether Bio-Metric technology is capable of providing a secured way of authentication in Internet banking to overcome the security threats. References: (Butler, 2007; Johnny, 2007; Burton, 2008; Cranor, 2008; Fyffe, 2008; Gerald Goh Guan Gan, 2008; Janice C. Sipior, 2008; Lee, 2008; Rachwald, 2008; Internet Banking Fraud: Why is Online Banking so Popular? , 2009; Abdullah Alnajim, 2009b; a; Aravind Duraiswamy, 2009; Felix Leder, 2009; Kishore, 2009; Paget, 2009; Shih-Yao Dai, 2009; Zakaria Karim, 2009; Michal Polasik, 2009 ; Aycock, 2010; Binshan Lin, 2010; Clutterbuck, 2010; Francisco Muà ±oz-Leiva, 2010; Gendron, 2010; Griffiths, 2010; Hui Wang, 2010; Miko, 2010; Muththolib Sidheeq, 2010; Petr Hanaeek, 2010; PONNURANGAM KUMARAGURU LORRIE FAITH CRANOR, 2010; Shruti Singh, 2010; Hisamatsu, 2010 ; Burkhard Stiller, 2011; Hossain Shahriar 2011; Laerte Peotta Jr, 2011; Pravin Soni, 2011; Wajeb Gharibi, 2011) Abdullah Alnajim, M. M. (2009a) An Approach to the Implementation of the Anti- Phishing Tool for Phishing Websites Detection, 2009 International Conference on Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems. IEEE. 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University of Pennsylvania and its renowned undergraduate programs Personal Statement

University of Pennsylvania and its renowned undergraduate programs - Personal Statement Example They say that the only thing constant is change. It may come to our lives that something or some circumstances changes the way we view ourselves and our surroundings. Being an active participant of the S.A. Model of the United Nations for two consecutive years and my numerous Humanitarian Works both here and abroad like in Mali and Caracas, helped me to realize how fortunate I was from somebody out there. Having a good quality education in preparation for my future career as a professional is one of the highlight of my life so that I could do my very best to become a valuable member of society. The University of Southern California being a world class university will be able to help me realize my full potentials as an individual hoping to make a world a better place to live in for me, my family and for every body. The University of Southern California, being world-renowned in the fields of communication and multimedia technologies, in the same way it has received national acclaim in the US for its ground-breaking community outreach programs, these consequently leads it to one of the US leading research university. And as such, USC will be able to help me fulfill my goals and aspirations. Poverty is one significant concern to me. This is because poverty, lessen numerous opportunities to other people in terms of health, education, employment and housing among others. No matter how industrialized the society you live in, you cannot disregard the fact of poverty in other parts of the globe. And I humbly believe that through education, poverty can be alleviated, if not eradicated. It made me realize how fortunate I am from my contemporaries in other parts of the globe, for I have better opportunities. And since I have these wide array of opportunities, I feel that to be able to become a valuable member of society, it is but necessary to extend a helping out and touch their lives and eventually make a difference. Letter to your first-year roommate at Babson Dear Room mate, Hi there! How are you I do hope your doing perfectly well. I am (state your name), from (state the city where you are currently living). I am a sports minded person and enjoys being with my friends over a hearty meal and lovely conversation. I am into humanitarian work with children among others. I have heard that Babson's pioneering undergraduate curriculum has acquired a leadership award from The Pew Charitable Trusts for taking "bold steps to reshape undergraduate programs. These together with its innovative curriculum and competent academic staff made me choose to enroll as an Economic major in the College. I am so much excited of being a part of this dynamic college. I am looking forward to the wonderful scenery of Wellesley, Massachusetts and I do hope you could help me to interesting places on my first week. Do take care and I will see you soon. Regards, Person number 1. On Boston University Boston University is a private urban research university